Method of forming electrical connections to high dielectric constant materials

ABSTRACT

A preferred embodiment of this invention comprises an oxidizable layer (e.g. tantalum 48), an oxygen gettering layer (e.g. platinum/tantalum mixture 34) overlaying the oxidizable layer, a noble metal layer (e.g. platinum 36) overlaying the oxygen gettering layer, and a high-dielectric-constant material layer (e.g. barium strontium titanate 38) overlaying the noble metal layer. The novel structures presented provide electrical connection to high-dielectric-constant materials without the disadvantages of current structures. The oxygen gettering layer controls oxygen diffusion, minimizing the formation of a resistive layer either in the lower electrode or at the lower electrode/substrate interface. The oxygen gettering layer acts as a gettering site for oxygen, where the oxygen oxidizes the reactive metal portion of the layer, leaving the noble metal portion of the layer intact. While the oxides/suboxides (e.g. tantalum pentoxide 40) that are formed are resistive, they are dispersed within the noble metal matrix, leaving a conductive path from the top of the layer to the bottom. This invention provides a stable and electrically conductive electrode for high-dielectric-constant materials while using standard integrated circuit materials to facilitate and economize the manufacturing process.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention generally relates to improving electrical connections to materials with high-dielectric-constants, such as in the construction of capacitors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with current methods of forming electrical connections to high-dielectric-constant materials, as an example.

The increasing density of integrated circuits (e.g. DRAMs) is increasing the need for materials with high-dielectric-constants to be used in electrical devices such as capacitors. The current method generally utilized to achieve higher capacitance per unit area is to increase the surface area/unit area by increasing the topography, such as in trench and stack capacitors using SiO₂ or SiO₂ /Si₃ N₄ as the dielectric. This approach becomes very difficult in terms of manufacturability for devices such as the 256 Mbit and 1 Gbit DRAMs.

An alternative approach is to use a high permittivity dielectric material. To be useful in electronic devices, however, reliable electrical connections should generally be constructed which do not diminish the beneficial properties of these high-dielectric-constant materials.

Heretofore, in this field, single and multiple metal layers are generally used to form electrical contacts to high-dielectric-constant materials. For example, to provide an electrical connection to a high-dielectric-constant material which makes up a capacitor on the surface of a semiconductor substrate, the following techniques are among those now employed: (a) dielectric/platinum/substrate, (b) dielectric/platinum/tantalum/substrate, and (c) dielectric/platinum/titanium/substrate. The layering sequence in these examples is from the top down to the substrate (e.g. silicon). A similar metallization scheme may be used for the top of the dielectric film to complete the capacitor structure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As used herein the term high-dielectric-constant (hereafter abbreviated HDC) means a dielectric constant greater than about 20. HDC materials are useful for the fabrication of many electrical devices, such as capacitors. However, HDC materials are generally not chemically stable when deposited directly on a semiconductor substrate, so one or more additional layers are required to provide the electrical connection between the HDC material and the substrate. The additional layer or layers should generally be chemically stable when in contact with the substrate and also when in contact with the high-dielectric-constant material.

Current methods provide for using platinum as the noble layer to contact the high-dielectric-constant material, along with tantalum or titanium as the sticking layer to contact the substrate. However, HDC materials (e.g. ferroelectrics) are generally deposited at elevated temperatures (greater than about 500° C.) in an O₂ atmosphere. It has been discovered that, in this environment, oxygen diffuses through the platinum and forms a resistive layer of Ta₂ O₅ or TiO₂ when it comes in contact with the Ta or Ti, causing high contact resistance. Further, the substrate (e.g. silicon) itself can become oxidized during the deposition of the HDC material. As used herein, the term oxidizable layer refers to the underlying sticking layer, or substrate, which becomes more insulating when oxidized.

The disclosed structures generally provide electrical connection to HDC materials without the disadvantages of the current structures. One embodiment of this invention comprises an oxidizable layer, an oxygen gettering layer overlaying the oxidizable layer, a noble metal layer overlaying the oxygen gettering layer, and a high-dielectric-constant material layer overlaying the noble metal layer. A method of forming an embodiment of this invention comprises the steps of forming a oxygen gettering layer on an oxidizable layer, forming a noble metal layer on the oxygen gettering layer, and forming a high-dielectric-constant material layer on the noble metal layer. Examples of processes for depositing the lower electrode materials are sputtering, evaporation, and chemical vapor deposition. Examples of processes for depositing the high-dielectric-constant material are ion-beam sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and pulsed laser deposition.

These are apparently the first structures wherein an electrical connection to high-dielectric-constant materials comprises an oxygen gettering layer. The oxygen gettering layer controls oxygen diffusion, minimizing the formation of a resistive layer either in the oxidizable layer or at the oxidizable layer/oxygen gettering layer interface. The oxygen gettering layer acts as a gettering site for oxygen, wherein the oxygen oxidizes the reactive metal portion of the layer, leaving the noble metal portion of the layer intact. While the oxides or suboxides that are formed are resistive, they are dispersed within the noble metal matrix, leaving a conductive path from the top of the layer to the bottom. The oxygen gettering layer should generally contain enough reactive metal to successfully combine with most or all of the diffused oxygen, but not so much that there is not a conductive path remaining via the noble metal component of the layer. Generally, the required thickness and composition of the oxygen gettering layer depend on the specific deposition parameters (temperature, O₂ pressure, etc.) of the high-dielectric-constant material. If enough oxygen reaches the oxidizable layer (e.g. the sticking layer or the substrate), a resistive layer will be formed, significantly increasing the contact resistance. The noble metal layer between the high-dielectric-constant material layer and the oxygen gettering layer is desirable, as it both minimizes undesirable reduction of the high-dielectric-constant material layer and lowers the amount of oxygen which enters the oxygen gettering layer. This invention generally provides a stable electrode for HDC materials while using standard integrated circuit materials to facilitate and economize the manufacturing process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as other features and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to the detailed description which follows, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIGS. 1-5 are cross-sectional views of a method for constructing a metal/high-dielectric-constant material/metal capacitor on a semiconductor substrate;

FIGS. 6-9 are cross-sectional views of metal/high-dielectric-constant material/metal capacitors formed on the surface of a semiconductor substrate;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an intermediate structure, a lower electrode formed on the surface of a semiconductor substrate, before the deposition of a high-dielectric-constant material layer;

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of an oxygen gettering layer providing electrical connection between a high-dielectric-constant material layer and an oxidizable layer;

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a metal/high-dielectric-constant material/metal capacitor formed on the surface of a semiconductor substrate; and

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a lower electrode providing electrical connection between a high-dielectric-constant material and a semiconductor substrate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

With reference to FIGS. 1-5, there is shown a method of forming a preferred embodiment of this invention, a capacitor comprising a high-dielectric-constant material and an oxygen gettering layer. FIG. 1 illustrates a tantalum sticking layer 32 deposited on the surface of a semiconductor body 30. FIG. 2 illustrates a platinum/tantalum mixture layer 34 deposited on the tantalum sticking layer 32. The ratio of platinum to tantalum in the platinum/tantalum mixture layer 34 is, in this example, between 3:1 and 1:1.5. A method of forming this oxygen gettering layer 34 involves depositing the platinum and tantalum in the same process chamber using two sputter guns, so that the desired percentages of each metal are deposited, forming a mixture of the two metals. Other processes such as evaporation or chemical vapor deposition could also be used to deposit the two metals. FIG. 3 illustrates a platinum noble layer 36 deposited on the oxygen gettering layer 34. The three layers 32, 34, and 36 constitute the lower electrode of the capacitor. FIG. 4 illustrates a barium strontium titanate layer 38 deposited on the platinum layer 36, and also the tantalum oxide particles 40 that are formed in the oxygen gettering layer 34 as a consequence of the barium strontium titanate layer 38 being deposited in a high temperature oxygen atmosphere. The lower electrode, comprising layers 32, 34, and 36, remains electrically conductive after the barium strontium titanate deposition since the oxide particles 40 are spread throughout the oxygen gettering layer 34. The barium strontium titanate layer 38 constitutes the dielectric of the capacitor. FIG. 5 illustrates a titanium nitride layer 42 deposited on the barium strontium titanate layer 38, forming the upper electrode of the capacitor. Although FIG. 5 illustrates a planar geometry for all of the elements of the capacitor, this invention applies equally well to the construction of capacitor structures of more complicated geometries, including capacitors built into depressions in the semiconductor surface.

In an alternate embodiment, with reference to FIG. 6, such a capacitor structure may be formed without the tantalum layer 32 of FIG. 5, and thus the oxygen gettering layer is preventing the oxidation of the top of the substrate. In another alternate embodiment, with reference to FIG. 7, such a capacitor structure may be formed without the platinum layer 36 of FIG. 5. In another alternate embodiment, with reference to FIG. 8, such a capacitor structure may be formed without either the tantalum layer 32 or the platinum layer 36 of FIG. 5.

In another alternate embodiment, with reference to FIG. 9, such a capacitor structure may be formed with a lower electrode comprising a graded layer 44 in which the amounts of each metal vary with respect to depth in the layer. The graded layer 44 is formed such that primarily tantalum is deposited near the semiconductor substrate, and then as the layer continues to be formed, the amount of platinum deposited is increased while the amount of tantalum deposited is decreased. Near the top of the layer, primarily platinum is deposited.

In another alternate embodiment, with reference to FIG. 10, such a capacitor may be formed with a lower electrode comprising a stratified region 46 between the tantalum layer 32 and the platinum layer 36. This stratified region 46 comprises relatively thin alternating layers of platinum and tantalum, which will intermix when heated, dispersing the tantalum into the platinum. The number and thickness of the layers in the stratified region 46 can be varied, depending on the amounts of tantalum and platinum required. FIG. 10 depicts the lower electrode before application of the HDC material.

In another alternate embodiment, with reference to FIG. 11, the oxygen gettering layer 34 may be formed on an oxidizable layer 48. A platinum noble layer 36 is formed on the oxygen gettering layer 34, and a barium strontium titanate layer 38 is formed on the platinum layer 36, which causes the oxide particles 40 to form.

In another alternate embodiment, with reference to FIG. 12, the tantalum sticking layer 32 may be formed on a titanium nitride barrier layer 52, which is itself formed on a titanium silicide contact layer 50. The titanium nitride layer 52 and titanium silicide layer 50 are formed by depositing a thin layer of titanium on the silicon substrate 30, and then annealing in an NH₃ atmosphere. The titanium silicide layer 50 forms a low resistance contact to the underlying silicon substrate 30, while the titanium nitride layer 52 prevents the formation of insulating tantalum silicide between the silicon substrate 30 and the tantalum sticking layer 32.

In yet another alternate embodiment, with reference to FIG. 13, a tantalum plug 56 is formed through a silicon dioxide insulating layer 54, connecting the platinum/tantalum mixture layer 34 to the underlying silicon substrate 30.

The sole Table, below, provides an overview of some embodiments and the drawings.

                                      TABLE                                        __________________________________________________________________________     Drawing                                                                             Generic Preferred or                                                                             Other Alternate                                         Element                                                                             Term    Specific Examples                                                                        Examples                                                __________________________________________________________________________     30   Semiconductor                                                                          Silicon   Other single component                                       Substrate         semiconductors                                                                 (e.g. germanium)                                                               Compound semiconductors                                                        (e.g. GaAs, Si/Ge, Si/C)                                                       May be the oxidizable                                                          layer                                                                          (e.g. if no sticking layer is                                                  used)                                                   32   Sticking layer                                                                         Tantalum  Other reactive metals                                        (when used, is    (e.g. tungsten, titanium,                                    generally the     molybdenum)                                                  oxidizable        Reactive metal compounds                                     layer)            (e.g. nitrides: titanium                                                       nitride, zirconium nitride;                                                    silicides: titanium silicide,                                                  tantalum silicide, tungsten                                                    silicide, molybdenum                                                           silicide; carbides:                                                            tantalum carbide; borides:                                                     titanium boride)                                                               Conductive carbides and                                                        borides                                                                        (e.g. boron carbide)                                    34   Oxygen  Platinum/tantalum                                                                        Noble metal/reactive metal                                   gettering                                                                              mixture wherein the                                                                      mixtures wherein the ratio                                   layer   ratio of platinum to                                                                     of noble metal to reactive                                           tantalum is between                                                                      metal is between 99:1 and                                            3:1 and 1:1.5                                                                            1:3                                                                            (e.g. other                                                                    platinum/tantalum                                                              mixtures,                                                                      platinum/tungsten                                                              mixtures,                                                                      platinum/titanium                                                              mixtures)                                                                      Noble metal/reactive metal                                                     compound mixtures                                                              wherein the ratio of noble                                                     metal to reactive metal                                                        compound is between 99:1                                                       and 1:3                                                                        (e.g. platinum/titanium                                                        nitride mixtures)                                                              Other combinations of                                                          above mentioned                                                                materials                                                                      (e.g.                                                                          platinum/tantalum/tungsten                                                     mixture)                                                                       Other combinations of                                                          materials selected from                                                        Drawing Element 32                                                             above and Drawing                                                              Element 36 below                                                               (e.g.                                                                          palladium/molybdenum                                                           mixtures)                                               36   Noble layer                                                                            Platinum  Other noble metals                                                             (e.g. palladium, rhodium,                                                      gold, iridium, silver)                                  38   High-   Barium strontium                                                                         Other transition metal                                       dielectric-                                                                            titanate  titanates, tantalates,                                       constant          niobates, and zirconates                                     material          (e.g. barium titanate,                                                         strontium titanate, lead                                                       zirconate titanate, lead                                                       zinc niobate)                                                                  Other high dielectric                                                          constant oxides                                                                (e.g. tantalum pentoxide)                               40   Oxide   Tantalum pentoxide                                                                       Other oxides/suboxides of                                    particles         reactive metals and                                                            reactive metal compounds                                                       (e.g. other tantalum                                                           oxides, tungsten oxides,                                                       titanium oxides)                                        42   Upper   Titanium nitride                                                                         Other metal nitrides                                         electrode         Ruthenium dioxide                                                              YBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.7-x                                                   Noble metals                                                                   (e.g. platinum, palladium,                                                     rhodium, gold, iridium,                                                        silver)                                                                        Other common semiconductor electrodes                                          (e.g. silicides, aluminum)                              44   Graded layer                                                                           Platinum/tantalum                                                                        Other noble metal/reactive                                           mixture wherein the                                                                      metal mixtures wherein                                               mixture is 100%                                                                          the mixture is 100%                                                  tantalum near the                                                                        reactive metal near the                                              substrate and                                                                            substrate and transitions                                            transitions to 100%                                                                      to 100% nobe metal near                                              platinum near the                                                                        the HDC material                                                     HDC material                                                                             (e.g. platinum/tungsten                                                        mixture,                                                                       platinum/titanium                                                              mixture)                                                                       Noble metal/reactive metal                                                     compound mixtures                                                              wherein the mixture is                                                         100% reactive metal                                                            compound near the                                                              substrate and transitions                                                      to 100% noble metal near                                                       the HDC material                                                               (e.g. platinum/titanium                                                        nitride mixture)                                                               Other combinations of                                                          above mentioned                                                                materials                                                                      (e.g.                                                                          platinum/tantalum/tungsten                                                     mixture)                                                                       Other combinations of                                                          materials selected from                                                        Drawing Element 32                                                             above and Drawing                                                              Element 36 above                                                               (e.g.                                                                          palladium/molybdenum                                                           mixtures)                                               46   Stratified                                                                             Alternating layers of                                                                    Alternating layers of other                                  region  platinum and tantalum                                                                    noble and reactive metals                                            wherein the thickness                                                                    wherein the thickness                                                ratio of the platinum                                                                    ratio of the noble metal                                             layers to the tantalum                                                                   layers to the reactive                                               layers is between 3:1                                                                    metal layers is between                                              and 1:1.5 99:1 and 1:3                                                                   (e.g. platinum/tantalum                                                        platinum/tungsten,                                                             platinum/titanium)                                                             Alternating layers of noble                                                    metal and reactive metal                                                       compound wherein the                                                           thickness ratio of the                                                         noble metal layers to the                                                      reactive metal compound                                                        layers is between 99:1 and                                                     1:3                                                                            (e.g. platinum/titanium                                                        nitride)                                                                       Other combinations of                                                          above mentioned                                                                materials                                                                      (e.g.                                                                          platinum/tantalum/tungsten                                                     Other combinations of                                                          materials selected from                                                        Drawing Element 32                                                             above and Drawing                                                              Element 36 below                                                               (e.g.                                                                          palladium/molybdenum)                                   48   Oxidizable                                                                             Tantalum  Other reactive metals                                        layer             (e.g. tungsten, titanium,                                                      molybdenum)                                                                    Reactive metal compounds                                                       (e.g. nitrides: titanium                                                       nitride, zirconium nitride;                                                    silicides: titanium silicide,                                                  tantalum silicide, tungsten                                                    silicide, molybdenum                                                           silicide; carbides:                                                            tantalum carbide; borides:                                                     titanium boride)                                                               Conductive carbides and                                                        borides                                                                        (e.g. boron carbide)                                                           Single component                                                               semiconductors                                                                 (e.g. single crystalline and                                                   polycrystalline silcon,                                                        germanium)                                                                     Compound semiconductors                                                        (e.g. GaAs, Si/Ge, Si/C)                                50   Contact layer                                                                          Titanium silicide                                                                        Other conductive silicides                              52   Barrier layer                                                                          Titanium nitride                                                                         Other conductive nitrides                                                      Other high-temperature                                                         conductive dffusion                                                            barriers                                                54   Insulator                                                                              Silicon dioxide                                                                          Other insulators                                                               (e.g. silicon nitride)                                  56   Conductive                                                                             Tantalum  Other reactive metals                                        Plug              (e.g. tungsten, titanium,                                                      molybdenum)                                                                    Reactive metal compounds                                                       (e.g. nitrides: titanium                                                       nitride, zirconium nitride;                                                    silicides: titanium silicide,                                                  tantalum silicide, tungsten                                                    silicide, molybdenum                                                           silicide; carbides:                                                            tantalum carbide; borides:                                                     titanium boride)                                                               Conductive carbides and                                                        borides                                                                        (e.g. boron carbide)                                                           Single component                                                               semiconductors                                                                 (e.g. single crystalline and                                                   polycrystalline silcon,                                                        germanium)                                                                     Compound semiconductors                                                        (e.g. GaAs, Si/Ge, Si/C)                                __________________________________________________________________________

A few preferred embodiments have been described in detail hereinabove. It is to be understood that the scope of the invention also comprehends embodiments different from those described, yet within the scope of the claims. With reference to the structures described, electrical connections to such structures can be ohmic, rectifying, capacitive, direct or indirect, via intervening circuits or otherwise. Implementation is contemplated in discrete components or fully integrated circuits in silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, or other electronic materials families. In general the preferred or specific examples are preferred over the other alternate examples. Unless otherwise stated, all composition ratios or percentages are in relation to composition by weight. In some intermediate structures, and in the final product, the oxygen gettering layer will generally be at least partially oxidized.

While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of forming a microelectronic structure, said method comprising:(a) forming an oxidizable layer; (b) forming an oxygen gettering layer on said oxidizable layer, said oxygen gettering layer comprising a mixture of at least one noble metal and at least one reactive component; (c) forming a noble metal layer on said oxygen gettering layer; and (d) forming a layer of a high-dielectric-constant material on said noble metal layer, whereby said oxygen gettering layer getters diffusing oxygen, thus minimizing the formation of a oxidized resistive layer either in or on said oxidizable layer.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said oxygen gettering layer is part of a final structure and said reactive component is at least partially oxidized.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said oxygen gettering layer is part of an intermediate structure and said reactive component is not substantially oxidized.
 4. The method according to claim 1, said method further comprising forming a electrically conductive layer on said high-dielectric-constant material layer.
 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said electrically conductive layer is selected from the group consisting of: titanium nitride, ruthenium dioxide, YBa₂ Cu₃ O_(7-x), platinum, palladium, rhodium, gold, iridium, silver, and combinations thereof.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said oxygen gettering layer comprises a ratio of said noble metal to said reactive component of between 99:1 and 1:3.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said noble metal is selected from the group consisting of: platinum, palladium, rhodium, gold, iridium, silver, and combinations thereof.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said reactive component is selected from the group consisting of: tantalum, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, titanium silicide, tantalum silicide, tungsten silicide, molybdenum silicide, tantalum carbide, titanium boride, boron carbide, silicon, germanium, carbon, GaAs, and combinations thereof.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said oxygen gettering layer is graded, wherein said reactive component constitutes greater than 99% of said oxygen gettering layer near said oxidizable layer, and said reactive component transitions to constitute less than 1% of said oxygen gettering layer near said noble metal layer.
 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein said oxidizable layer is selected from the group consisting of: tantalum, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, titanium silicide, tantalum silicide, tungsten silicide, molybdenum silicide, tantalum carbide, titanium boride, boron carbide, silicon, germanium, carbon, GaAs, and combinations thereof.
 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein said noble metal layer is selected from the group consisting of: platinum, palladium, rhodium, gold, iridium, silver, and combinations thereof.
 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein said high-dielectric-constant material is selected from the group consisting of: barium strontium titanate, barium titanate, strontium titanate, lead zirconium titanate, lead zinc niobate, tantalum pentoxide, and combinations thereof.
 13. A method of forming a microelectronic capacitor comprising:forming a first tantalum layer; forming a layer of a platinum/tantalum mixture comprising a ratio of said platinum to said tantalum of between 99:1 and 1:3, overlaying said first tantalum layer; forming a layer of platinum overlaying said platinum/tantalum mixture layer; forming a layer of high-dielectric-constant material overlaying said platinum layer; and forming an electrically conductive layer overlaying said high-dielectric-constant material layer.
 14. The method according to claim 6, wherein said ratio of said noble metal to said reactive component is between 3:1 and 1:1.5.
 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein said ratio of said platinum to said tantalum is between 3:1 and 1:1.5.
 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein tantalum oxide particles are formed in said layer of platinum/tantalum mixture during said forming of said layer of high-dielectric-constant material.
 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein said electrically conductive layer is selected from the group consisting of: titanium nitride, ruthenium dioxide, YBa₂ Cu₃ O_(7-x), platinum, palladium, rhodium, gold, iridium, silver, and combinations thereof.
 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein said high-dielectric-constant material is selected from the group consisting of: barium strontium titanate, barium titanate, strontium titanate, lead zirconium titanate, lead zinc niobate, tantalum pentoxide, and combinations thereof. 